Reject brine management: Denitrification and zero liquid discharge (ZLD)—Current status, challenges and future prospects

Water is at the core of sustainable development. Moreover, it essential for social, economic, and environmental well-being. However, water resource availability has been significantly threatened in 21st century. In general, freshwater supplies are being depleted by natural anthropogenic activities, such as rapid population growth, industrialization, intensive agriculture. addition, one main causes shortages body contamination. Nitrate pollution considered most pressing global problems, both surface groundwater. The literature reveals that numerous nitrogen removal processes have developed proposed. To overcome this problem, desalination a robust mature technique obtaining fresh from saltwater, an efficient reliable process. there growing concern about adverse impacts generated brine where concentrated rejection results high salinity together with chemical residues. solve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) strategy proposed specific literature. Furthermore, ZLD can be used to treat recover valuable resources. This study analyzes discusses current status treatment technologies targeting ZLD, highlighting their advantages disadvantages. Technologies based on membranes thermal energy were also analyzed, performance operating costs compared. Finally, different denitrification listed. solution currently compulsory reject remove nitrate that, because concentrations environment, widespread contaminants.